富平曲子，你知道多少
<section style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px; visibility: visible;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;">谈一谈富平曲子</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; visibility: visible;">文/田坚初</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); visibility: visible;">富平曲子，也是民间自乐班的一种组织。曲子，等于现在“眉户”的腔调，</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; visibility: visible;">但其中乐器的配备使用，有些差别。曲子不带用大铜器，只有三弦、胡琴（一平一翻）、四页瓦、铜摔摔，或者夹杂以琵琶、箫笛之类，伴奏起来，铿锵和谐，悦耳中听，有南国细腻之味，无北鄙杀伐之声。我县以前擅长弹三弦者，有连城的张廷公，贺兰观的赵廷玺，军寨的孟祥瑞，曹村的王三元等，其他后起之秀，还不知名。演唱起来，以三弦为主，起落停顿、松紧快慢，它都起决定作用。据说三弦的学练不易，至少需要五、六年工夫，扎实锻炼，才能学会粘板、挫、扣，音调旋律，零学整用，供上曲子。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 2px; font-size: 15px; visibility: visible;">俗语说，“年箫月管当日笙，三年弦子不中听。”因为曲调甚多，不比秦腔八板，如果不勤学苦练，真正不能运用自如，应付场面，就是这个道理。追究“曲子”的开始，本为文人雅士（所谓清客）独擅其美，每至春秋佳日，约会同伴，携带乐器，常于树下、草地、园场、水滨和风景优美的地方，席地而坐，弹唱取乐。以后逐渐推广，不断为爱好的群众所掌握，于是布满富平各角落。经常被办喜事者邀请到家，演唱助兴，名叫“宣荒”。容许招待，不取财物。解放前，耀县药王山过会时，富平曲子界同仁自备干粮行李，携带应用物具，联袂上山，与耀县“乱弹”自乐班分地对演，从此富平曲子名声大震，各地学曲调者多以富平为宗。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-align: center;"></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-align: center;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">田坚初</span></section></section><p></p><section style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">曲调的创始，不知何时，亦无从考核，有人说，“此即羽衣霓裳曲也”，未敢凭信。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;">笔者髫龄时，曾多次参观会唱，心窃奇之。十六七岁，跟随石含辉先生受业于连城杨公祠中，西邻程福善老前辈擅长此技，也会拉会弹。业余有暇，辄往就教。程老手授一书名曰《羽衣新谱》，令我览阅。是书共分四册，另有续编一册。首册纯是应酬类，全系八句月调（月调四句，月尾四句)；二册为小品，包括月调、月尾、背弓、背尾、金钱等调：三四册全为杂调短折曲；续编一册，篇幅较厚，内容丰富，中有三十多回长折戏曲，脍炙人口。我爱其词句严整，平仄分明，对仗工稳，音韵和谐，曾借抄多半，分订两厚册，惜文革中连藏书千余卷全被焚毁，今无片存，但还记得不少，只写出二、三段以供欣赏。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;">(一)《走雪》过桥一段：调寄银扭丝</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;"></span></p><p style="margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;">(曹夫唱)瞥眼观见杨柳树梢，扑过桥来不低不高，玉笋缠得住，金莲稳得多，叫姑娘一步一步慢慢过。（玉莲唱）凌波袜怎渡凌波涛，杨柳枝扶定杨柳腰，眼观千层浪，足踏独木桥。我颤颤竞竞把桥过。哎呀我的杨柳树梢，刚送奴家过了小桥，垂杨如刀绞，隔岸用手招，老哥哥怎样把桥过。（曹夫唱)听说姑娘断了柳条，急得曹夫心似火烧，独木摇闪闪，两腿颤索索，我挣挣扎扎把桥过。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;">(二)《拷艳》中红娘唱，调寄十大片</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;"></span></p><p style="margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;">打得我小红娘实难忍受，急忙忙跪尘埃苦苦哀求。想从前孙飞虎贼围普救，直围的似铁壁水泄不流。老夫人在佛堂一言出口，有谁人退贼兵愿咏河洲。有张生听一言满心欢透。急忙忙差惠明去把书投。搬来了白马将惊散群寇，笔尖儿横扫了五千貔貅。谁知晓老夫人佛前悔口，把一个婚姻事付诸东流。既不允你就该打发他走，为什么把张生苦苦相留。有旷夫和怨女情思已久，无奈了效红叶流出御沟。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;">(三)《雪梅吊孝》中前一段（雪梅唱），调寄琵琶：</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;">说什么子夏言生死有命，却还怪小弄玉暗出秦宫，天台境遇刘阮春心乱动，奴就该任从他鸣雁雍雍。若非是老夫人来的太猛，西厢内忽惊起君瑞莺莺，到今日望崔护无踪无影，空贻看红桃花相映东风。细思想哭到底终何而用，倒不如奔商家祭郎阴灵，小丫环在此地莫可久停，随姑娘上房里去把衣更…...</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;">该书原系古有邰王小屏、古频阳李香亭和其它各县五，六人编辑而成。按：古有邰，即今之陕西武功县，古频阳，即今之富平县，李香亭系富平县谢村人。该书原为西安酉山书局排印，现难找到全部。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;">曲调究竟有多少，我至今也摸不清楚。兹就我所知者罗列于下：</span></p><p style="margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;">用于开头结尾的，有月调、月尾；用于阐明函情的，有背弓、背尾、金钱等；用于畅叙事情的，有五更（带攒板）、银纽丝、采花浪、漫诉、紧诉，钉缸（又名刚词）、打连厢等；用于柔情婉转的，有剪边花、梳妆台、纱窗外、夜呼子、十里墩、绣荷包；用于心急口慢带有思考性的，有太平年，大</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;">十片、小十片、十字断等；用于心情激昂和优柔寡断的，有两头紧、两头慢、反片子、吹腔、真道情、南金钱、滴落金钱等；用于心怀不平、气忿难忍的，有落江院、琶琶、反道情等；用于英雄不得时，心怀长恨的，有满江红、混江龙、边关、傲黄鹂、大金钱、黄龙滚等；用于哭诉哀情、声泪俱下的，有东调、滚板、西京（本名凄凉，以后以讹传讹，成为“西京”。又分硬、软、紧三种)、哭长城、哭道情、（这两个调也分紧慢）老龙哭海等；用于平铺直叙有点诙谐气味的，有开调、进兰房、闪扁担、五更鸟、南瓜蔓、打枣杆、霸王鞭等。写到这里，只有停笔。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;">总之，富平曲子，音调复杂，以情寄调，以调定声，喜怒哀乐，区别分明，抑扬顿挫，各有定律，稍有偏差，即成背调，引起乐器紊乱，唱不成声。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">有几句顺口溜写在下面：</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;">富平曲子根很深，学练弹唱要认真，如果识得曲中味，不开笑口是痴人。</span></p><section style="margin: 24px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 2em; text-align: right;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px;">(一九八五年四月七日)</span></section></section><section style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: unset; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; text-wrap: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); letter-spacing: 0.578px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: unset; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-id="2490" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: unset; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: unset; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-bcless="lighten" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: unset; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><h1 style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: 400; font-size: 16px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></h1></section></section></section></section><section data-support="96编辑器" data-style-id="18805" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: unset; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: unset; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-align: center;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(254, 112, 122);"></span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(135, 93, 14);"></span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(78, 171, 123);"></span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(255, 147, 32);"> </span></section></section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p></section><section data-support="96编辑器" data-style-id="34702" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: unset; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; text-wrap: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); letter-spacing: 0.578px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: unset; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; width: 60px; background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); transform: rotateZ(0deg);"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p></section><section style="margin-top: -20px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: unset; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(209, 209, 209);"><section style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: unset; margin-left: 0px; padding: 14px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(103, 103, 103); letter-spacing: 2px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.75em; transform: rotateZ(0deg);"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 17px;">富平文化丨盖村曲子社</span></strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">文/王汉夫</span></p><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/><section style="margin: 24px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 3em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">解放前后至今，富平北部此兴彼衰的自乐班可谓不少，但若以历史悠久、唱曲独特、班社稳定、知名度高低而论，盖村曲子社，可为比较突出的班社之一。</span></section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><section style="margin: 24px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 3em;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">一、悠久的历史</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 24px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 3em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">盖村曲子社成立于1961年，迄今已有82年的发展历史了。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>曲子艺人已传至第四代。第一代艺人井吉祥（？—1926）是个能弹善唱的多面手，带徒传艺，为盖村曲子社的建立奠定了基础。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>第二代艺人的突出代表是邵宏祥（1893—1968年），弹唱别具特色，能唱一百多个曲目，以“戏包袱”、“三天三晚唱不完”、“三弦弹动惊魂鬼神”而广为传颂。同代艺人还有袁太学（1893—1968），以念《秦琼观阵》、《报菜》、《黑访白》等生角戏远近闻名。王海（已故）长于演丑旦戏，且能登台演唱，以演《老换少》、《打懒》中的王妈等角色深受群众喜爱。邵明云（已故）擅长念净角戏，《黑访白》中的尉迟恭，《古城会》中的张飞等，在群众中有“活张飞”之誉。此外，李世玉的四页瓦、纪德英的硬弦的技艺也很受群众欢迎。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>第三代艺人的突出代表是李庆珍、邵志杰、宁正才、邵廷璋。李庆珍、邵志杰、宁正才、邵廷璋。李庆珍1925年生，擅长旦角戏，行腔圆润，吐字轻巧，以念《五更鸟》、《打懒》、等曲目名扬富平。李的“四页瓦”击节技巧娴熟，盘花绕顶，多姿多态，堪称“一绝”。邵志杰1921年生，能弹三弦，工于生角戏，以念曲子《古城会》，《吕蒙正赶斋》，《两亲家母打架》最有名气。音域宽广，行腔浑厚苍劲。宁正才生于1922年，已故，口齿轻巧，字清音实，在绕口的词句，一经他之口，如喷连珠，幽默风趣，有“逗人笑的肚子疼”之誉。宁以念《捉鹌鹑》、《张连卖布》、《打懒》等曲目最负盛名。邵廷璋1934年生，擅演旦角戏，音质甜美，行腔婉转缠绵，以念《李彦贵卖水》、《小姑贤》等曲目名闻乡里。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>第三代艺人的突出贡献是：<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>1．彻底改变了一人一去唱到底、中间无过场、五道白的旧程式。一是分角色唱，扬长避短，形成对哦比美；二是在唱腔中创造性地增加了对白，过渡自然，说唱相得益彰，如对《打懒》，《两亲家母打架》等曲目的创造演出即可说明。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>2.变坐唱为舞台演出，普及了曲艺，把曲子演唱推向了最兴盛的时期。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>盖村曲子演唱最兴盛的时期是1964年。当时的盖村大队曾在全村开展曲子演唱会比赛。老艺人李庆珍当时担任大队长，是这次演唱活动的核心组织者。村民争相登台，经评比合格者方能吸收进曲子社。这年演出的剧目有：《隔门贤》、《张连卖布》、《李彦贵卖水》、《老换少》、《捉鹌鹑》等10多个折子戏，本戏有眉户现代剧《瘦马记》，特别是邵廷璋、纪杏红等人演唱的眉户现代戏《李双双》更是远近闻名。从此盖村曲子大大普及，外村人说：“盖村的月娃子的哭声都带着曲子味！”这当然是夸张之辞，但盖村人人都能唱几句曲子却是真的。盖村东街有个卖豆腐的，吆喝叫卖时唱的都是曲子调却是的的确确的。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>3.多次参加了乡、区、县组织的文艺调演。1984年，在乡文化站站长王汉夫同志的带领下，代表到贤乡参加了富平县春节文艺调演，老艺人李庆珍荣获演唱二等奖，邵志杰荣获演唱二等奖。</span></section><section style="margin: 24px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 3em;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">二、曲子演唱的特色</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 24px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 3em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">曲子是今天舞台眉户剧的前身，是一种民间清唱艺术形式。唱曲组合的规则比较严格。每个曲目都是月调起腔，月尾结束，如果运用“背弓调”，（大调之一），其组曲规则是：月调、背弓起腔，背尾，月尾结束。其它曲调的选用可视情节需要自由连缀。这种起承转合的曲牌连唱形式，据有关资料介绍，“原是由元明的北曲吸收眉县、户县的山歌、牧歌、情歌、儿歌等发展而成的。”念曲子时，曲中人物情节，以换调起念区别，无论曲目长短，一人念到底，中间无过场，无道白。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>曲子是民间口头艺术，都是艺人口授相传。曲目多系口头创作，内容绝大部分反映了人民的生活和愿望，唱词通俗易懂，富有浓郁的乡土气息。可以说是纯粹的大文艺。曲调丰富多彩，亦庄亦谐，或慷慨激越，或婉转缠绵，如泣如诉，抒情味很浓。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>曲子清唱，形成灵活轻便。少则由一人自弹自唱，多则三、五人不等，一般不超过八人。主奏乐器三弦，伴奏乐器有板胡、二胡、笛子；击节有四页瓦、碰铃、梆子。演唱时每个人必须手持一件乐器，在搞好演奏的同时，注意配合“拉坡”。所谓“拉坡”，指在唱句中需要一唱众合的地方。如在演唱曲目《打懒》中王萌萌一段唱（山茶花调）：“王妈正在抹洗锅，忽听隔壁可闹火，碗筷不抹锅台上摞，（众和：摞衣呀哎，山茶花儿开梅花落）门槛拌了我的脚（众和：脚依哎哟，花儿摞莲花，莲花戏牡丹依哎哟）</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: unset; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; text-wrap: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); letter-spacing: 0.578px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-align: center;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">来源：富平文史资料汇编 富平人整理</span></section></section></section><p></p><p><br/></p><link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.dafuping.cn/source/plugin/wcn_editor/public/wcn_editor_fit.css?v134_bGA" id="wcn_editor_css"/>
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